stfiln afpxy pYNPilt 'mfrksvfd aqy kOmI pRsLn' (1913) ivc kOm aqy kOmIaq ƒ inKyVdf hY| Aus anusfr kOmIaq Auh lok hn, jo iek inrMqr, sQfeI sMgq hn, AunHF kol iek sFJI BfsLf, ivlwKx ielfkf, afriQk nfqfdfrI aqy smUihk cirwqr hn| ieh kOmIaq jdoN rfjnIqk afjLfdI jF pRBUqf hfsl krky afpxf rfj (styt) sQfpq krdI hY qF kOm bx jFdI hY| hr kOmIaq df kOm bxnf jLrUrI nhIN| kOmIaqF dsqkfrI ienklfb ipCoN Ausr rhy ivsLfl arQcfry ivc mfrks aqy eyNgljL dIaF ilKqF anusfr, jjLb vI ho skdIaF hn| vYls aqy slfv kOmIaqF dy ibnF aPsos qoN jjLb hox bfry AunHF ny ivsLysL ijLkr kIqf hY, pr ipCy hoeIaF hYrfnIjnk GtnfvF ivc slovfk lokF ny afpxy-afp ƒ iek suqMqr rfj sQfipq krky kOm bxf ilaf hY| 'cYkoslvfkIaf' dy nF Qwly bxy guwt ivcoN cYWk lokF qoN vwK kr ilaf hY|

hux ieiqhfs ivc nvyN isirAuN ieh pRsLn KVHf hoieaf hY ik kOmF afpxI pCfx ikAuN kfiem rwKxf cfhuMdIaF hn? Auh pUMjIvfd aqy smfjvfd dy ivsLfl arQcfiraF ivc ikAuN afpxI iBMnqf gvfAuxf nhIN cfhuMdIaF? PrFs aqy amrIkf dy pUMjIvfd ieko nhIN hn, nf hI AuQoN dy lok pUMjIvfdI arQcfry ivc bxfeIaF afpxIaF ivlwKx sMsQfvF ƒ ieko ijhf krnf cfhuMdy hn| sgoN AunHF dI ivlwKxqf Auqy AunHF ƒ mfx hY| ieh aihsfs kyvl iek jmfq df nhIN sgoN prf-jmfqI hY| BUqpUrv sovIaq XUnIan aqy cIn vI afpxy afp ƒ vwKo-vwK rUp ivc ivkisq krdy rhy hn| aMdrly sMgTn ivc cIn ny vwD lck rwKI hY| inwjI jfiedfd df sIimq aiDkfr, pRfeIvyt dsqkfrI, Gwt igxqIaF dI ijLlHf-pRbMD ivc sLmUlIaq, vwD mMny hn| pUrbI XOrp dy lok, afpxI kOmI aqy swiBafcfrk ivlwKxqf ƒ kfiem rwKx leI smfjvfd ƒ iqlFjlI dy gey hn| BUqpUrv sovIaq XUnIan dy sB rfjF ny afpxy AuWpr sfmrfjI iksm dy Aus smfjvfdI ZFcy ƒ rwd kr idwqf hY jo aMq Auqy iek idn AunHF sB ƒ jjLb krnf cfhuMdf sI| kimAUinst pfrtI ƒ, ijs df sMgTn kOmI pCfxF aqy loVF Auqy aDfirq nhIN sI, asvIkfr kr idwqf igaf hY|

ieQoN nqIjf ieh inkldf hY ik ijvyN mfrks, eyNgljL aqy lYinn, iqMny dfrsLink aqy kRFqIkfrI, kOmI AuBfr ƒ burjuafjLI jF vpfrk aqy mfrkIt cyqnqf vflI mwD sLyRxI dy AuBfr nfl joVdy rhy hn, Auh pUrf swc nhIN| kI bflkn rfjF dy smfjvfdI sovIaq XUnIan nfloN awz hox df mslf kyvl nvIaF mfrkItF lwBx aqy AunHF dI shfieqf nfl ivkfs krn df sI? ies ivc kuJ hwd qk swc hY pr mslf kyvl afriQk ivkfs df nhIN| cYWk aqy slovfk lok iekwTy rih ky vI pUMjIvfdI mfrkItF df ihwsf bx skdy sn| bflkn rfjF aqy cYkoslvfkIaf dIaF ivBfijq kOmF ny afpxy-afp ƒ vwK dysLF vjoN sQfipq krn dI rucI ipCy vwzI cyqnqf afpxI ivlwKxqf ƒ kfiem rwKx nfl sbMiDq hY| ieh cyqnqf aqy ies dy ivsQfr hygl, hgylIan mfrksvfd aqy kynsIan pUMjIvfd dy isDFqF qoN ipCoN dI Aupj hn| pUMjIvfdI dysLF ivc ies dy isDFqkfr ies vyly svrgvfsI mfrlo poNqI, Xfk dyirdf, ilAuqfrd aqy kuJ nv-mfrksvfdI stUart hfl ijLgmuMt bOmn afid hn| lYinn df kOmI rfjF df isDFq aqy gFDI dy Bfrq leI pUMjIvfdI aqy smfjvfdI arQcfiraF qoN vwKry mfzl df suJfa vI kOmI pCfxF aqy ivlwKxqf bfry bxy isDFq aqy drsLn ƒ gOrvsLIl dyx hn|

pwCmI isDFqkfr, bYinizkt aYNzrsn krqf 'ieMmYijnz kimAUintIjL' ny kOmI-cyqnqf aqy AuBfr ƒ dsqkfrI ienklfb, igafn lihr (aYnlfeItnmYNt) aqy eIsfeI suDfr lihr (rYPrimjLm) nfl joiVaf hY| ienHF dy smvrqn aqy nqIjy vjoN jo Cfpf pUMjIvfd (ipMRt kYpItiljLm) aqy nvF arQcfrf hoNd ivc afey, aYNzrsn anusfr AunHF ny mnoklipq sMgqF jF kimAUintIaF hoNd ivc ilaFdIaF| sDfrn sLbdF ivc hux ids rhIaF kOmF pihlF kuJ pRbMDkI afvfjfeI, pusqk/aKbfr kRFqI aqy nvyN pUMjIvfdI arQcfry qoN pYdf hoey sMgTn nfl, sfmrfjI siQqI ivc jnmIaF| ienHF ny vpfrk mwD-sLyRxI dy qfkq PVn aqy nvIaF mMzIaF dI shfieqf nfl vDx Puwlx dI iewCf blvfn hox Auqy sfmrfjI isLkMjy ivcoN inkl ky afpxy afjLfd rfj sQfipq kr ley| aYNzrsn ienHF kOmF dI hoNd ƒ lfqInI BfsLf dy dYvI-mUl isDFq dy AuQfn aqy sQfnk BfsLfvF dy ivkfs nfl vI sbMiDq krdf hY|

Bfrq dI siQqI kuJ vwKrI hY| ieQy iBMn-iBMn BUgoilk iKwiqaF df kdy vI afps ivc nyVy df sbMD nhIN irhf| asLok dy rfj aqy mugLl hkUmq dy sLkqIvr pRbMD dy bfvjUd afvfjfeI, dsqkfrI aqy ivigafnk qrwkI Gwt hox kfrn, ivsLysL krky 800 eIsvI qoN 1850 eIsvI qk, pwCm vFg sfry iKwiqaF ƒ joVn vflI koeI pRbMDkI jmfq jF ies df shfiek sMcfr pRbMD hoNd ivc nf af sky| nf hI Auh pusqkI/aKbfr kRFqI aqy ies nfl isrjI ‘mnoklipq kimAUintI’ hoNd ivc af skI jo pwCm vFg iek sYkUlr qy nvIaF mMzIaF lwBx dI iewCf aqy vwD rhy pUMjIvfd df mfzl lY ky vDx Puwlx leI, kOmI rfj sQfipq kr skdI| sB BUgoilk iKwiqaF ivc, brqfnvI sfmrfj dI shfieqf nfl hoNd ivc afey mwD vrg ny pihlI vfr aijhI iewCf aqy pCfx AunIvIN sdI dy aKIr ivc bxfeI ijs ny iek Aupr-kOmI-rfj leI lihr clf ky 1947 ivc afjLfdI hfsl kIqI|

pr smJx vflI gwl ieh hY ik brqfnvI sfmrfj dI shfieqf aqy AunHF dIaF loVF muqfbk jo mwD vrg vwK-vwK BUgoilk ieiqhfsk iKwiqaF ivc pYdf hoieaf Auh bnfvtI sI, BUgoilk ieiqhfsk iKwiqaF dIaF sMBfvnfvF aqy inafie dI Aupj nhIN sI| ieh iek ieiqhfsk BRsLtqf (prvrsLn) sI jo sfmrfj ny afpxIaF loVF anusfr kIqI| kuJ ies qrHF dI BRsLtqf hI kimAUinst pfrtI ny BUqpUrv sovIaq XUnIan dy kOmI rfjF aqy bflkn rfjF ivc kuJ vrHy krn df Xqn kIqf| ies df kfrn lYinn df svY-ivroDI drsLn sI ijs ivc Aus ny kOmI pCfxF Auqy rfjF aqy iek muKI kimAUinst pfrtI dI sMrcnf ƒ ieko rwsy bMnHx dI koisLsL kIqI sI| ies luky hoey ivroD-bMb ny iek idn Ptxf hI sI|

Bfrq dy BUgoilk-ieiqhfsk iKwqy afpxI iekwl aqy nfm mfqr kyNdrI joV dI siQqI ivc ivlwKx iekfeIaF vjoN aMqrIv ivkfs krdy rhy| AunHF dIaF afpxIaF lok-ipRX BfsLfvF, rihx-sihx, ivcfr, lok sfihq, arQcfry afid vwKrIaF pCfxF bxfAuNdy rhy| hr BUgoilk ieiqhfsk aqy BfsLfeI iKwqy ivc kOm bxn dI sMBfvnf bx geI| BgqI lihr smyN vwK-vwK iKwiqaF ny lok-ipRX jF sQfnk BfsLfvF ivc afpxf pRkfsL kIqf aqy Aus qoN ipCoN afpxy sQfnk sfihqF dI pRMprf ƒ sQfpq kIqf| lgBg 12vIN sdI qoN ienFH sQfnk sfihqF aqy BfsLfvF dI vwKrI hsqI pwkI ho rhI spwsLt ho jFdI hY| sQfnk sfihqF aqy BfsLfvF dI sQfpqI df arQ iek kyNdrI aqy khI jFdI dYvI BfsLf-sMsikRq jF arbI nfloN tuwtxf vI sI| pMjfb ivc iswK gurU sfihbfn, sUPI kvIaF aqy ikwsfkfrF ny ieQoN dI sQfnk BfsLf pMjfbI ivc sfihq rc ky ies iKwqy ivc AuBr rhIaF kOmI sMBfvnfvF ƒ iek sMgiTq rUp idwqf| BfvyN ieQy dsqkfrI ienklfb aqy pUMjIvfdI arQcfrf nf hoNd ivc af sky ikAuNik Aus qrHF df ivkfs kuJ mugLl sfmrfj ny aqy kuJ brqfnvI sfmrfj ny afpxIaF pRbMDkI aqy lotU loVF kfrn rok idwqf sI, pr BUmI-afDfirq jfgIrdfrI jF sulqfn kyNdirq afriQk sMgTn df hMBxf aqy sMBfvnfvF rihq hoxf sfP ho cuwkf sI| ies dy ivkfs rihq hox kfrn hI rfj vrg dIaF loVF pUrIaF krn leI dmn viDaf sI| nqIjy vjoN bdl bfry icMqn hoxf jLrUrI sI| iksy nvIN lihr df hoNd ivc afAuxf vI iek ieiqhfsk loV bx geI sI|

ies ieiqhfsk loV ƒ iswK gurU sfihbfn ny pUrf krn df Xqn kIqf| AunHF ny jo bdl idwqf Auh smJIaF jFdIaF dYvI BfsLfvF, sMsikRq aqy arbI qoN bgfvq sI| gurU sfihbfn ny iek sQfnk aqy lok ipRX BfsLf ƒ jo lgBg sfry Auqr BfrqI ielfikaF ivc smJI jFdI sI, afpxy icMqn df mfiDam bxfieaf| ies df arQ lokF ƒ Aus soc-pRxflI aqy sMskfrF qoN qoVnf sI ijs ƒ bRfhmxI pMizq vrg, mugLl pRbMD aqy ies dy shfiek muwlF-mulfxy afpxy sLfsn aqy pRBuqf leI vrqdy sn| ies qoN vI vwD Auh jn sfDfrn dy mn aqy srIr ƒ ies mfiDam leI syDfAuNdy sn| ies pRBuqf ƒ qoVn leI ivroDI pRBuqf jLrUrI sI|

ivroDI-pRBuqf leI suDfrI aqy isrjnfqmk BfsLf ivc sMsikRq aqy arbI soimaF dy pirBfisLk jF dfrsLink sLbd asl jF bdly rUp ivc cyqMn qOr 'qy sLfml kIqy gey sn qF ik AunHF ƒ purfxy sMskfrF nfloN qoV ky nvyN arQ idwqy jf skx, nvyN mno-srIrk sMgTn leI vriqaf jf sky| ivroDI-pRBuqf sQfipq krn vflI ies lok-ipRX BfsLf aqy ies dy drsLn ƒ PYlfAux nfl jo vrg pYdf hoieaf Auh iek nvIN sMgq (kimAUintI) sI| Xorp dIaF sQfnk BfsLfvF aqy ipRMt-ienklfb dy brfbr AuWqrI Bfrq jF pMjfb ivc pMjfbI BfsLf dI sQfpqI aqy mOiKk jF hwQ ilKq gRMQF rfhIN nvIN cyqnqf df isrjxf sI jo bRfhmxvfdI iewkvfd aqy sulqfnI kuwlvfd nfloN qoV ky iek BUgoilk ieiqhfisk iKwqy dI pRiqBf anusfr lokF df nvF sMgTn rcx df Xqn sI|

gurU nfnk dyv jI qoN gurU goibMd isMG dy smyN qk ies nvIN kRFqIkfrI BfsLf pMjfbI aqy ies ivc pRgtfey gey gurU drsLn aqy Bgq bfxI qoN pRBfivq jo sMgq iqafr hoeI, ijs ivc sB vrgF dy mYNbr sLfml sn, pMjfbI kOm bxI| jo 'KLflsf' gurU goibMd isMG jI ny afnMdpur sfihb 1699 eIsvI ivc sjfieaf Auh pMjfbI kOm sI| ies dI pihlI vfr ‘KLflsf’ kih ky sfjnf kIqI geI| ‘isMG’, ‘KLflsf’ pMjfbI kOm dy hI afDuink nF sn| ies njLr qoN gurU gRMQ sfihb df mhwqv iek afDuink aqy AuWqr-afDuink gRMQ vjoN hY| sfzI afDuinkqf aqy AuWqr afDuinkqf df afrMB iesy gRMQ qoN hI huMdf hY|

nvIN kOm df sLsqrIkrx aqy mugLl slqnq nfl sMgrfm, pMjfbI kOm dI svY-sQfpnf sI| ies dy drsLn ivc sulqfn kyNdirq pRbMD aqy arQcfry, bRfhmxI jF ieslfmI pRkfr dI pRohq jF muwlF-mMzlI dI koeI QF nhIN sI| smuwcy ivsLv ƒ iek BrfqrIaqf, suMdrqf aqy sMgIq df ivsLv mMn ky BUgoilk-ieiqhfsk iKwqy dI pRiqBf anusfr, ivsLv anuBv aqy sQfnk siQqI dy krmsLIl sMXog nfl Auqyijq BfsLf sMg joVI sMgq ƒ sMgrfm rfhIN iek afjLfd aqy rfjnIqk pRBuqf vflf rfj dy ky pwkf krn df Xqn krnf sI| ies Xqn ƒ mhfrfjf rxjIq isMG ny pUrIaF sMBfvnfvF ivc nhIN smiJaf| nhIN qF KLflsf rfj df ZFcf hor bxdf|

brqfnvI sfmrfj ny 1849 ivc pMjfb Auqy kbjLf krky ivgs rhy kOmI pMjfbI rfj ƒ Zfh lfeI| sfmrfjI sPlqf df kfrn AunHF df ibhqr POjI sMgTn aqy vDIaf hiQafr sn| ipCoN AunHF ny nIqI vrq ky afpxy sfmrfjI aqy aMqrrfsLtrI pUMjIvfd nfl joVn vfsqy bx rhI pMjfbI kOm ƒ cyqn qOr 'qy bKyr idwqf| lokF ƒ awz-awz sMprdfvF aqy iPrikaF ivc vMz idwqf| ijs BfsLf Auqy aDfrq iek kOmI ienklfb Ausr irhf sI Aus ƒ Cuitaf idwqf, jF kyvl ieko iPrky dI jLubfn hox dI gwl qor idwqI geI| pMjfbI BfsLf ƒ rfj Bfg aqy inqfpRqI kfr-ivhfr ivc nf vrqnf, aMgryjLI aqy AurdU df bolbflf rwKxf, pMjfbI kOm dI bx rhI ivlwKxqf aqy ies dy sLsqrI BUqkfl nfloN qoVnf sI| pMjfb df mOjUdf sMgrfm ijs dI srdfrI iswK nOjvfnF kol hY, asl ivc pMjfbIaF ƒ Aus ienklfbI BfsLf nfl muV joV ky Ausy pMjfbI kOm dI rfjnIqk pRBuqf jF ajLfdI nfl sQfpnf krnf hY ijs df supnf gurU sfihbfn ny ilaf sI pr ieiqhfs ny pUrf nf hox idwqf| ieh vwKrI gwl hY ik iswK nOjvfnF dy sMgTn ies kfrj ƒ nf qF ajy qk Xog ZMg nfl iswDFqbwD kr cuwky hn aqy nf hI Aus nfl sbMDq smwucy aml ƒ pUrI qrHF jLbq ivc rwK sky hn|

spwsLt hY jy gurU sfihbfn dy mfzl aqy ivsLv anuBv anusfr cwlxf hY qF AunHF dy supny ƒ sfkfr krn vfly krm ivc iksy iPrkfpRsqI jF sMkIrxqf dI koeI QF nhIN ho skdI| ieh krm iek mfzl kOm dI sQfpnf leI jUJxf hY jo ijLMdgI ƒ sLfierI, sMgIq aqy suMdrqf vjoN dyKdI hY| dmn aqy BRsLtqf ƒ nfsL krnf cfhuMdI hY| ies kOm ƒ sB qoN vwzf rUpk jo gurU sfihbfn ny idwqf hY, Auh pRym hY| pr ies pRym ƒ ijLMdgI dy sMgTn ivc sfkfr krn leI jMg vI iesy df ihwsf hY| gurU sfihbfn dy mfzl ivc pRym aqy ies leI jMg ieko-krm dy do pihlU hn| ieh supnf qd hI sfkfr ho skdf hY jy ies qoN aiBwj jF Bwjy hoey BrfvF ƒ ies dI suMdrqf aqy mnuwKvfd Aujfgr krky vfps afAux leI pRyiraf jf sky| iekwTy jUJx leI iqafr kIqf jf sky| aMqrrfsLtrI kimAUintIaF ƒ vI ieh dwisaf jf sky ik ieh supnf sfkfr krn dy ieCuwk nf kfql hn aqy nf hI dUijaF dy aiDkfr Kohx vfly sgoN Kohy gey mnuwKI aiDkfrF ƒ vfps duafAux vfly mnuwKvfdI hn| swiBafcfrk ivgfVF aqy dmn cflfkI nfl afey aMqrF ƒ imtfAux vfly ieiqhfs dy sLfier hn ijnHF ƒ kuJ ieiqhfsk mjbUrIaF kfrn ivroD df rsqf aKiqafr krnf ipaf hY aqy Auh ivroD dmnkfrI aqy ivlwKxqf ivroDI sLfsk vrg nfl hY|

******************