pfxI, kudrq vwloN idwqI geI iewk vzmuwlI dfq,DrqI qy jIvn df afDfr hY. ies kudrqI somy dI bysmJI aqy bykdrI nfl kIqI geI durvrqoN nfl ies ivwc af rhI kmI sfry sMsfr ivwc icMqf df ivÈf bx cuwkI hY. sfzy pMjfb rfj ivwc pfxI sMkt ƒ smJx vfsqy ipCokV qy iewk Jfq mfrn dI loV hY. pMjfb ivywc nihrf df inrmfx 1859 qo2 ÈurU hoieaf. awj qoN 44vrHy pihlF Bfv sMn 1964 ivwc nihrF dy inrmfx hox qoN bfad sfzy pRFq dy 23% rkbf, jo kyNdrI ijilHaF `c pYNdf sI, sym hyT sI aqy ies ivwc pfxI dI zUMGfeI 5 Puwt qoN Aupr sI. qkrIbn 24% rkby ivwc pfxI 5-10 Puwt zUMGf sI, 11% ivwc 10-20 Puwt aqy bfkI dy 42% ielfky (dwKx-pwCmI iËilHaF) ivwc pfxI 20 Puwt qoN hyTF sI. Aus smyN koeI vI ieh soc nhIN sI skdf ik koeI ieho ijhf smF vI afvygf jdoN DrqI hyTlf pfxI eynf Gt jfeygf-icMqfjnk hflq pYdf ho jfeygI. sMn 1965 qoN bfad jdoN ÌslF dIaF iËafdf JfV dyx vflIaF iksmF dI kfÈq nfl GxI KyqI ÈurU hoeI qF DrqI hyTly pfxI df inkfs bhuq vwD igaf. asl ivwc pihlF Jony dI kfÈq sym aqy kwlr qy kfbU pfAux leI ÈurU kIqI geI sI. pr smF pYx nfl Jony hyT rkbf hr sfl vDdf igaf ijs krky pfxI dI ËrUrq qoN iËafdf bysmJI nfl vrqoN hox nfl DrqI hyTly pfxI `c igrfvt dI rPqfr vI qyË huMdI geI. pMjfb dy kyNdrI iËilHaF ivwc sMn 1973 ivwc kyvl 35 rkby ivwc pfxI dI zUMGfeI 30 Puwt qoN iËafdf sI pr sMn 2003 Îc rkby `c pfx Iies zUMGfeI qwk phuMc igaf. iewk hor anumfn anusfr,1993 qoN 2004 dOrfn DrqI hyTlf pfxI 55 sYtImItr pRqI sfl dI dr nfl Qwly igaf pr sMn 2005 ivwc ieh dr vwD ky 74 sYNtImItr ho geI. sMn 1993 ivwc kyNdrI iËilHaF ivwc kyvl 2% rkby ivwc pfxI 70 Puwt qoN hyTF sI, pr sMn 2003 ivwc 20% rkby ivwc pfxI ies zUMGfeI qwk phuMc igaf. iewk anumfn anusfr jy iesy qrHF pfxI df bysmJI aqy loV qoN vwD inkfs huMdf irhf qF sMn 2013 dOrfn 50% rkby ivwc pfxI 70 Puwt qoN iËafdf zUMGf ho jfvygf. 14% rkby ivwc ies dI zUMGfeI 100 Puwt qoN iËafdf hovygI aqy 2% rkby ivwc pfxI 130 Puwt qoN vI hyTF cwlf jfvygf aqy sMn 2023 ivwc hflfq hor vI vDyry gMBIr ho jfvygI. sMn 1993 aqy 2003 dy afDfr qy lfey gey anumfn anusfr sMn 2023 dOrfn mogf aqy sMgrUr iËilHaF dy 100% aqy aMimRqsr iËlHy ivwc 25% rkby ivwc DrqI hyTlf pfxI 70 qoN 160 Puwt zUMGfeI qy phuMc jfvygf. mogf aqy sMgrUr dy kuwJ blfkF ivwc ijs rPqfr nfl DrqI hyTly pfxI dI zUMGfeI vwD rhI hY. Aus anusfr qF sMn 2023 dOrfn pfxI 200 qoN 400 Puwt dI zGfeI qy vI phuMc skdf hY. iewk hor gwl jo vrnxXog hY ik DrqI hyTly pfxI df vhfa AuWqr pUrbI idÈf qoN dwKx pwCmI iËilHaF vwl hY aqy AuWqr pUrbI ielfky qoN dwKxI pwCmI iËilHaF ivwc pYNdf hY. DrqI hyTlf pfxI bhuq mfVf hY. kyNdrI iËilHaF ivwc, ijwQy pfxI bhuq qyË rPqfr nfl hyTF jf irhf hY, jdoN pfxI 250 Puwt qoN hyTF clf jfvygf qF dwKx pwCmI iËilHaF qoN mfVy pfxIaF df vhfa ies pfsy vwl ho jfvygf, ijs kfrn kyNdrI iËilHaF dy pfxI vI mfVy ho jfxgy aqy isMcfeI Xog nhIN rihxgy. Audfhrx vwjoN mogf iËlHf dy inhfl isMG vflf blfk ivwc sMn 1997 dOrfn jd DrqI hyTly pfxI dI zUMGfeI 40 Puwt sI qF kyvl 11% pfxI mfVy sn, pr sMn 2004 ivwc jd DrqI hyTly pfxI dI zUMGfeI 70 Puwt ho geI qF 29% pfxI isMcfeI Xog nhIN rhy. Ëfihr hY ik jy ies pfxI dI vwD rhI zUMGfeI ƒ TwlH nf pfeI geI aqy DrqI hyTlf pfxI iewdF hI mfVf huMdf igaf qF ËmIn muV kwlr bx jfvygI ijsƒ suDfrnf bhuq muÈkl ho jfvygf. DrqI hTly pfxI ivwc ies qyË rPqfr nfl kmI afAux df sB qoN vwzf kfrx Jony dI agyqI luafeI hY. sMn 1970 ivwc sfzy iksfn vIr Jonf julfeI dy mhIny ivwc lfAuNdy hn, pr hOly-hOly AunHF ny Jonf agyqf lfAuxf ÈurU kr idwqf aqy Auh julfeI dI bjfey meI dy mhIny Jonf lfAux lwg pey. meI aqy jUn dy mhIinaF dOrfn pfxI df vfÈpIkrx ijafdf hox kfrn Jony dI pfxI dI loV pUrI krn leI pfxI df ËmIn `coN inkfs vI iËafdf huMdf hY. iewk aMdfËy anusfr meI mhIny lgfey gey Jony ivwc 67 qoN 84 sYNtImItr aqy jUn mhIny lfey gey Jony ivwc kyvl 52 qoN 66 sYNtImItr pfxI df vfÈpIkrn rfhIN nuksfn huMdf hY. Jony dI agyqI luafeI qoN ielfvf dUsrIaF PslF ijvyN ik mwkI, dflF qy qyl bIj PslF hyToN kwZ ky Jony Qwly rkby ivwc byqhfÈf vfDy nfl vI DrqI coN pfxI dy vwD inkfs kfrn DrqI hyTly pfxI dI zUMGfeI vDfAux df iewk kfrx bixaf. sMn 1960 qoN 1965 dOrfn kyvl 6% rkbf Jony hyT sI aqy ies vyly ieh vD ky qkrIbn 60% ho igaf hY. iesy smyN dOrfn kxk hyT rkbf 37% qoN vwD ky 80% ho igaf. dflF jo 1960-65 dOrfn 24% rkby ivwc AugfeIaF jFdIaF sn. ies vyly kyvl 1[3% rkby qwk hI sImq hn. pfxI dy ies qyË rPqfr nfl hyTF jfx df nqIjf sfry iksfn vIr ipCly keI sflF qoN Bugq rhy hn. ijAuN-ijAuN pfxI dI zUMGfeI vDdI geI Ausdy inkfs vfsqy iËafdf qoN iËafdf AUrjf Bfv zIËl aqy ibjlI dI loV vI vwDdI geI. iewk aMdfËy anusfr jy 20 Puwt zUMGfeI 50 Puwt aqy 100 Puwt hovy qF AuunHF pfxI kwZx vfsqy kRmvfr iqMn guxF aqy Cy guxF hfrs pfvr dIaF motrF dI loV pvygI. ieMnf hI nhIN, ies vyly sfzy sUby ivwc bhuq sfry iksfnF ny sbmrsIbl pMp (mwCI motrF) lgvf leIaF hn aqy iewk mwCI motr qy lwgBwg iewk lwK rupey Krc huMdy hn. ieh gwl iblkul spwÈt hY ik DrqI hyTly pfxI df ËrUrq qoN vwD inkfs hox nfl nf kyvl ies somy ivwc icMqfjnk kmI ho rhI hY, sgoN Ausdy nfl-nfl AUrjf Bfv zIËl aqy ibjlI dI Kpq vI bhuq vwD geI hY aqy iËafdf zUMGy pfxIaF dI kuafiltI vI mfVI ho rhI hY. vrqmfn hflfq cuxOqI dy rhy hn ik hux aqy kyvl hux vI mOkf hY ik DrqI hyTly pfxI dI qyËI nfl vwD rhI zUMGfeI ƒ TwlH pfeIey aqy pMjfb ƒ ryigsqfn bxn qoN bcfeIey. ies cuxOqI df sfhmxf krn vfsqy ieh bhuq ËrUrI hY ik iksfn vIr aqy KyqI nfl sbMiDq hor sfry vrg ijvyN ik KyqIbfVI XUnIvristI dy ivigafnI, KyqIbfVI ivkfs dy psfr mfihr aqy blfk aqy iËlHf pwDr qy iksfnI nfl sbMiDq sfry krmcfrI iewkTy ho ky hMBlf mfrn. sfƒ ieho ijhy Auprfly krn dI loV hY, ijnHF nfl ieh XkInI bxfieaf jf sky ik afAux vflIaF puÈqF ƒ vI AunHF dI loV anusfr ieh jIvn df afDfr AuplwbD hovy. so ieh aqI ËrUrI hY ik pfxI dy ies kudrqI somy dI nf kyvl soJI aqy ËrUrq anusfr vrqoN kIqI jfvy, sgoN AusdI durvrqoN ƒ roikaf jfvy aqy AusdI shI sMBfl vI kIqI jfvy.