ivsLv DrmF df keI pwKoN vrgIkrn kIqf jFdf hY. iek pwK qoN kuJ Drm aSqrmuKI rhwsmeI (introspective-mystical) khy jFdy hn aqy kuJ Drm ielhfm-afDfirq mSny jFdy hn. iswK mjHb ielhfm-afDfirq mjHb hY, ijs rfhIN Drm hsqI df dYvI sMdysL, pYgMbrI sunyhf, gurU nfnk dyv jI rfhIN ieiqhfs ivc ivakq hoieaf. ieslfm vI ielhfm-afDfirq mjLHb hY, pr ieslfimk prMprf anusfr hjLrq muhMmd nUM prm hsqI df iswDf sunyhf pRfpq nhIN hoieaf sgoN iek PLirsLqy (arbI ivc ijLbrfeIl) rfhIN AunHF qwk phuMicaf jo AunHF awgoN sMsfr awgy rwiKaf, XhUdI prMprf anusfr mOijLjL nUM dYvI afvfjL suxfeI idwqI sI, pr prm hsqI dy KLud drsLn nhIN sn hoey. ihMdU-afrIafeI prMprf anusfr bRihmSz ivc rm rhI Em dI DunI irsLIaF ny suxI, ijs nUM AunHF ny vyd-mMdrF dy qOr `qy sLfbidk rUp idwqf. pr dUjy pfsy vyeIN ndI dI sfKI spwsLt krdI hY ik gurU nfnk sfihb ny scKSz vsdy inrMkfr dy drbfr ivc phuMc ky akfl purK qoN iswDf pYgMbrI sunyhf pRfpq kIqf.iek hor pwK qoN kuJ Drm sMsQfqmk qswvr kIqy jFdy hn, jdik kuJ miq sMsQfqmk Aupr-Ausfr nUM ivksq krn vl ruicq nhIN huMdy. iswK mwq ielhfm-afDfirq (revealed religion) hox dy nfl nfl sMsQfqmk mjLHb vI hY. iswK miq df sMsQfqmk ivkfs gurU nfnk dyv jI vloN sMgq-sMsQf sQfipq krn nfl afrMB huMdf hY jo 1699 dy ivsfKI idhfVy Kflsy dy rUp ivc afpxI sMpUrxqf nUM pRfpq krdf hY. mSjIaF, pIVHIaF, muwZlf afid isstm, sLRI akfl qKLq qy dUjy pfvn qKLq, JMzy buMgy, afid, iswK mjLHb dy sMsQfqmk ivkfs qy vwK-vwK pVfvF vl sMkyq krdy hn.jo mjLHb ielhfm-muKI aqy sMsQfqmk hovy, Ausdy do pihlU mhwqvpUrx huMdy hn : srbwqrI (universal) aqy ieiqhfsk. dUjy arQF ivc dYvI sunyhf, pYgMbrI sMdysL, BfvyN srbwqrI huMdf hY, pr ieh afpxy afp ivc aivakq, amUrq sMklp (abstract universal) vFg hI huMdf hY aqy afpxy sfkfr nfm-rUp ivc smUrq sMklp (concrete universal) vjoN ieiqhfsk idsLf ivc hI pRgt ho skdf hY. kihx df Bfv hY ik srbwqrI aqy ieiqhfsk idsLfvF ivc ivkfs hmkdm aQvf sihmfrgI hY. ijQy iksy mjHb df srbwqrI ikrdfr Aus dy smUh mnuwKqf leI ivsLv-ivafpI srokfrF qwk PYilaf huMdf hY, AuQy dUjy pfsy Ausdf ieiqhfsk pRgtfa sfpyKk kfrkF (historical variables) kfrn iksy iek nsl, iPLrky, jfq brfdrI jF ielfky dy srokfrF qwk sImq ho jFdf hY. jykr aivakq, amUrqgq srbwqrI sMklp ieiqhfsk nfm rUp Dfrx nhIN krdf qF ieh iksy smfjI kfrj nUM AuqpSn krn ivc asmrwQ rihMdf hY aqy PLlsPLy df iek ivcfr bx ky hI rih jFdf hY. dUjy pfsy jykr iksy mjLHb df srbwqrI siq ivsfr idwqf jfvy aqy iksy ivsLysL ieiqhfsk nfm-rUp pRgtfa nUM hI vfhd ivakq rUp mSn ilaf jfvy qF aSq nUM Auh mjLHb vI iek mq mqFq (religious sect) bx ky hI suMgV jFdf hY. ies leI srbwqrI aqy ieiqhfsk idsLfvF vl ielhfm-afDfirq, sMsQfmk mjLHb df sih ivkfs iek dUjy dy pUrk vjoN afvwsLk hY. srbwqrI sunyhy dy ieiqhfsk nfm-rUp ivkfs krn dI pRikiraf ivc hI iek qrHF nfl Aus miq dy sImf-bwD hox dI pRikiraf rm rhI huMdI hY. jykr ielhfm-afDfrq, sMsQfqmk mjLHb dy smyN smyN hox vfly icMqk srbwqrI aqy ieiqhfsk pihlUaF dy gqIvfn, isrjnfqmk sMjog nUM iDafn ivc rwKx dI smrwQf rwKdy hox qF vwK-vwK simaF ivc vwK-vwK QfvF qy Aus mjLHb dy iek qoN vD ieiqhfsk nfm-rUp rwKx vfly smUrq ichn cwkr pRgt huMdy hn, ijnHF dIaF (iek mUl hox dy bfvjUd) vwK-vwK pCfxF ho skdIaF hn, ijvyN sMgqrf, mfltf, imwTf, muswmI, ikMnU df ‘‘mUl’’ iek hY pr afpo-afpxy vwK-vwK rUp hn. ieh kudrq dI ivkfs-lIlHf hY.pr jdooN koeI mjLHb mwTvfd df isLkfr ho jfvy qF mwTvfdI Aus mjLHb dy vwK-vwK ieiqhfsk nfm-rUp rwKdy iBMn-iBMn smUrq pRgtfvF dy ivksq hox ivc bfDk sfbq huMdy hn, ikAuNik Auh afpxy jfxy pCfxy ieiqhfsk nfm-rUp nUM sdIvI, jugo-jug atwl srUp mSn bYTdy hn. jykr dUjy ielhfm-afDfirq sMsQfqmk DrmF qy njLr mfrIey (ijvyN ik iesfeI miq, ieslfm) qF spwsLt huMdf hY ik vwK-vwK simaF ivc vwK-vwK ielfikaF ivc ienHF DrmF dy iBMn-iBMn srUp pRgt hoey hn. ies qrHF hI ieh ivsLv-ivafpI Drm bxy hn. ivsv ivafpI Drm hox df arQ kyvl ieh nhIN ik Ausdy aSdrly sunyhy ivc ivsLv ivafpI srokfrF (srbq dy Bly) df sunyhf hovy qy Aus Drm dy ieko srUp rwKdy pYrokfr dunIaF dy vwK-vwK ihwisaF ivc afbfd hox. pr bdiksmqI nfl iswK mjLHb nUM Auprokq dohF (sImq arQF ivc) hI ivsLv-ivafpI Drm smJ ky asIN KusL ho jFdy hF. ieh swcfeI sfnUM mSnxI pvygI ik eIsfeI miq, ieslfm aqy buwD Drm vFg iswK miq ajy ivsLv-ivafpI miq nhIN bx sikaf. buwD Drm df jy iek rUp Bfrq ivc hY qF iBMn-iBMn rUp jfpfn, iqwbq, sLRIlMkf afid dysLF ivc ivkisq hoey, arQfq ijQy ijQy vI buwD miq df sunyhf phuMicaf, Aus sunyhy ny AuQy AuQy dy ieiqhfsk, siBafcfrk, smfjk, BUgoilk lwCx apxf ky nvIaF nvIaF pCfxF, nvyN nvyN srUp, ivkisq kIqy, jo BfvyN mUl rUp ivc iek hI hn.ies pRsMg ivc sB qoN mhwqvpUrx kfrk sMpRjfqIaq (ethnicities) df huMdf hY. iesfeI miq XhUdI miq vjoN XhUdI sMdrB ivc XhUdI lokF aSdr pYdf hoieaf sI. iesdf pRfrMBk sMpRjfqI ikrdfr XhUdI (Jewish ethnicity) sI. pr iesfeI Drm dy mhfn sMq, syNtpfl ny, iesfeI Drm nUM XhUdI pirpyK, XhUdI sMpRjfqIaq qoN awgy iljf ky gLYr-XhUdI sMpRjfqIaf qwk PYlfieaf aqy ies qrHF iesfeI Drm dy shI arQF ivc ivsLv-ivafpIkrx ivc ieiqhfsk Xogdfn pfieaf.ies sMdrB ivc vyiKaF ieh pRqwK huMdf hY ik gurU nfnk dyv jI ny sMgqF sQfipq krn vyly afpxy nvyN pSQ, nvyN mfrg nUM kyvl iksy iek nsl, iPrky, jfq brfdrI jF ielfky qwk mihdUd nhIN sI rwiKaf. Kflsf pSQ dI isrjxf vyly asIN, ‘‘pSj ipafiraF’’ nUM icqvdy hoieaF ies gwl `qy qF jLor dyNdy hF ik Auh Bfrq dy vwK-vwK ielfikaF nfl sbMDq sn aqy pSjF ivcoN iqMn jfqF ivcoN sn ijnHF nUM nIvF smiJaf jFdf sI, iek drimafnI (jwt) pwDr df sI aqy kyvl iek ‘‘ipafrf’’ hI KLqrI sI, ijs nUM AucI jfq smiJaf sI, pr asIN ies gwl nUM kdy ivcfiraf nhIN ik ienHF ‘‘pSj ipafiraF’’ dy sMpRjfqI ikrdfr, arQfq sMpRjfqIaq vI iBMn iviBMn sn. dUjy sLbdF ivc KLflsf pSQ nUM iksy BUgoilk iKwqy ivc pYdf hoeI sMpRjfqIaq (ethnicity) nfl sMpUrx aqy aSqm qOr `qy iek-imwk krky (vfhd rUp ivc) sImq nhIN kIqf jfxf cfhIdf, pr bdiksmqI nfl ieh Bfxf vfpr igaf hY.pSjfbI nsl rfhIN iswKmiq : aQvf KLflsf pSQ df pRgtfvf (Punjabi ethnicized Sikhism) kyvl iek ieiqhfsk rUp hY. pr kyvl iesy ieiqhfsk rUp nUM, arQfq iswKmiq nUM, pSjfbI sMpRjfqIaq dy cOKty ivc mVH dyxf, jF Kflsf pSQ nUM pSjfbIaq dy ZFcy ivc Zfl ky, ies sFcfbwD rUp nUM vfhd aqy jugo jug atwl rUp smJ lYxf Auicq nhIN, pSjfbIaq aQvf pSjfbI sMpRjfqIaq qoN awgy jf ky vI iswKmiq dy, ieiqhfsk idsLf ivc, keI hor rUp pRgt ho skdy hn.ijs qrHF iesfeI Drm, ieslfm aqy buwD Drm dy vwK-vwK dysLF ivc vwK-vwK sMpRjfqIaF anusfr iBMn-iBMn rUp pRgt hoey. 21vIN sdI dy duafr `qy phuMcidaF iswKmiq dy shI arQF ivc ivsLv-ivafpIkrx dI afvwsLkqf hY. ijs leI ies mjHb nUM gLYr-pSjfbI, arQfq pSjfbIaq jF pSjfbI sMpRjfqIaq qoN awgy iljf ky hornF siBafcfrk DrqIaF ivc iesdI pyNd lfeI jfvy. iswKI dy vrqmfn pSjfbI rUp nUM ies mjLHb df ieiqhfsk idsLf ivc hmysLf - hmysLf leI vfhd pRgtfa-rUp nhIN smJ lYxf cfhIdf. ienHF arQF ivc mYN ‘‘iswKI nUM iswKF qoN afjLfd krfAux’’ df sMklp pRsquq kr irhf hF ; arQfq vrqmfn pSjfbI sFcy ivc Zl cuwkI iswKI nUM iBMn-iviBMn siBafcfrk mfiDamF rfhIN pRgtfAux dI loV qy bl dy irhf hF. jykr iswKI nUM pSjfb aSdr pSjfbI iswKF qwk hI mihdUd rwiKaf igaf qF iswK mjHb shI arQF ivc ivsLv ivafpI nhIN bx skygf aqy BfrqI qy KLfs kr pSjfbI, iswKF dy vkqI srokfr iswK miq dy ivsLv-ivafpI srokfrF AuWpr hfvI rihxgy aqy ivsLv-ivafpI srokfr kyvl ardfs df ihwsf hI bx ky rih jfxgy. isrdfr kpUr isMG anusfr jdoN zf[ aSbydkr ny afpxy iek kroV qoN vwD pYrokfrF (ijnHF nUM aCUq smiJaf jFdf sI) smyq iswK Drm gRihx krn dI bynqI kIqI qF mfstr qfrf isMG jI ny sLurU ivc iesdf inwGf svfgq kIqf bfad ivc igafnI krqfr isMG ny smJfieaf ik jykr zf[ aSbydkr ieMnI vwzI igxqI ivc afpxy pYrokfrF nUM nfl lY ky iswK Drm ivc pRvysL kr gey qF igxqI-afDfirq lokqMqrI pRxflI anusfr qF zf[ aSbydkr hI iswKF dy pRqIinD qswvr hoxgy. ieh gwl sux ky s[ kpUr isMG anusfr mfstr qfrf isMG ny Jtpt afpxf rvweIaf bdl ilaf. ijs AuprMq zf[ aSbydkr ny afpxy isLsLF smyq buwD Drm nUM apxf ilaf. zf[ aSbydkr aqy Aus dy pYrokfrF dy iswK Drm gRihx krn nfl iswKmiq df iek nvF sMpRjfqI rUp (ethnic form) AuBr skdf sI, pr isafsI qkfijLaF ny aijhf hoox nhIN idwqf. XogI hrBjn isMG jI amrIkf ivKy kuJ dhfikaF qoN iek nvF pRXog kr rhy hn, amrIknF nUM AunHF iswK bxfieaf hY qy isMG sjfieaf hY. iek nvyN swiBafcfrk sMdrB, nvyN vfqfvrx ivc, iek nvIN sMpRjfqIaq dy aSqrgq iswKmiq df iek nvF rUp AuBr skdf hY, ijsdI ‘‘pSjfbI iswK pCfx’’ vFg iek nvIN vwKrI ‘‘amrIkI iswK’’ pCfx ivkisq ho skdI hY, jykr XogI hrBjn isMG dy AupdysL sdkf iswK bx rhy aqy isMG sj rhy amrIkn lok ‘‘pSjfbI-iswK’’ pCfx nUM hI iswKI dI ieko iek vfhd pCfx qswvr nf kr lYx aqy ies nUM afpxf mfzl mSn lYx dI Buwl nf krn. mYN ieh nhIN kih skdf ik XogI jI dy amrIkn iswK afpxI invyklI iswK pCfx ivkisq krn bfry sucyq hn jF nhIN. afpxI invyklI ‘‘amrIkI-iswK pCfx’’ AuBfrx leI imQIkrx dI pRikRaf ivc amrIkI, jF ivsLfl arQF ivc pwCmI siBafcfr dy ibMbF, ieiqhfsk-imiQhfsk pRqIkF, BUgoilk aqy vfqfvrixk guxF nUM iswKmiq dy ieiqhfs-imiQhfs arQfq ivrfsq nfl Eq-pRoq krnf jLrUr hovygf. Auprokq arQF ivc iswKmiq dy shI ivsLv-ivafpIkrx dI loV ies krky vI hY ik iswK mjHb dy ivsLv-ivafpI srokfrF nUM hux kyNdrI eyjMzf bxfieaf jfxf cfhIdf hY, jo pSjfb ivc vsdy iswKF leI koeI qrjIh nhIN rwKdy ikAuNik ieQoN dy iswKF df insLfnf pSjfb df rfj-Bfg aqy idwlI ivc rfjnIiqk BfeIvfl qoN vwD kuJ vI nhIN rih igaf lwgdf.

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