bsqI Èbd dI vrqoN Bfrq ivc aMgryjF dy afAux nfl ÈurU hoeI. ieMglYNz, spyn, purqgfl, jrmnI afid pCmI mulkF ny vK-vK mulkF ƒ afpxIaF bsqIaF bxf ky bsqIvfd dI ÈurUafq kIqI . bsqIvfdI dyÈF df dUsry mulkF ƒ afpxI bsqI bxfAux df mksd iek nhIN sI, iehnF dy alg-alg mksd[[[ pUrn sfÈn dI sQfpqI, afpxy siBafcfr df ivsQfr jF ivÈyÈ vrg pYdf krny sn . bsqIvfd dI ÈurUafq 1498 eI[ ivc vfskozIgfmf duafrf Bfrq ivc dfKly qoN bfad mMnI jFdI hY aMgryËF df muK mksd byÈk ÈurU ivc afriQk lfB kmfAuxf sI pr AuhnF ny Bfrq dIaF vK-vK siBafcfrk, ieiqhfsk, BfÈfeI, Dfrmk afid ivlKxqfvF ƒ Kqm krky jF AuhnF df akÈ Krfb krky afpxf siBafcfr, ieiqhfs, sfihq Qopx df Xqn kIqf . ieh sfrf kuJ hryk bsqIvfdI mulk dUsry mulk dy lokF `qy afpxI sqf sQfpqI leI krdf hY ikAuNik ijMnf smF iksy vI Kyqr, siBafcfr, kOm dy lokF ivc afpxy mUl sMskfr ijAuNdy hox Auh iksy hor df gulfm bxnf mnjUr nhIN krdy, iesy leI jdoN dby kucly jF gulfm lok afjfdI dI lVfeI dI ÈurUafq krdy hn qF afpxy mUl vl prqx df sunyhf idMdy hn . kihMdy hn 1947 ivc Bfrq afjfd ho igaf sI pr ieh Brm vI bhuq jldI tut igaf aqy afm lokF ƒ vI cMgI qrHF smJ pY igaf ik ies ivc isrP hfkm hI bdly hn. bfkI sB kuJ kfƒn, pYmfny, imafr, icMn pRbMD, pUMjI dI vMz, Èfsn, inaF pRbMD, qrkI dy mOky AuhI hn, blik siBafcfrk aqy Dfrimk ivlKxqfvF dI mfniskqf aqy prMprfvF ƒ bdlx leI BfrqI hfkmF duafrf hor vI iGRxfXog qrIky iesqymfl kIqy jf rhy hn .
asIN ieQy isrP pMjfb dy sMdrB ivc hI bsqIvfdI nËrIey qoN prKx dI koiÈÈ krFgy . pMjfb df siBafcfr bfkI sfry Bfrq nfloN ivlKx aqy ienklfbI hox krky 1947 qoN hI BfrqI hfkmF dIaF aKF dI rVk bixaf hoieaf hY . BfrqI hfkmF df muK mksd pMjfb dy KyqI Auqpfdn, pfxI, imhnqI iksfnI ikrq, juJfrU BfrqI hfkmF duafrf muK qOr qy apxfey jf rhy hn-

1[ pMjfb qy rfjsI glby ƒ ksdy jfxf
2[ isKI prMprfvF ƒ Zfh lfAuxf
3[ isKI ivcoN hI srkfrI burjafjI vrg pYdf krnf
4[ isK ƒ mfnisk pKoN hrfAuxf
5[ isK siBafcfr ƒ nÈt krnf

1947 vyly byÈk isK afgUaF vloN BfrqI sMivDfn qy dsqKq nf krky ies sMivDfn qoN bfgI ho gey sn pr iPr vI isK afgU jfxy-axjfxy ivc ies sMivDfn qihq Bfrq nF dy dyÈ dIaF kyNdrI srkfrF qoN afpxIaF mMgF mnvfAux leI vK-vK morcy lgfAuNdy rhy, smyN-smyN lgfey iehnF moricaF ƒ rolx leI koeI ksr bfkI nhIN CzI, BfrqI hfkmF duafrf aijhf krnf kyvl jfiej mMgf ƒ njfiej TihrfAux qk hI sIimq nhIN sn blik isKF dI juJfrU siprt ƒ Kqm krnf sI jo ainaF aqy julm dy ivroD ivc hux qk KVdI afeI hY . pMjfbI boldy ielfikaF, pfxI, rfjDfnI, ibjlI hYzvrks df kMtrol aqy vK-vK mOikaF pMjfb leI bxfey `spYÈl` kfƒnF, df kyNdr duafrf afpx mrËI nfl PYslf aqy lfgU krn qoN sihjy hI aMdfjf lgfieaf jf skdf hY ik pMjfb dI KudmuKiqafrI dI ikMnI ku hoNd hY . isK afpxy Dfrimk mfmly ÈRomxI kmytI dy vMz rokx, afnMd kfrj, aYkt afid leI kyNdr dy hQF vl dyK rhy hn aijhy msilaF ƒ hl kry ibnF aijhy hor msly akflI dl (bfdl) vloN smyN dI DUV ivc guaf ky votF dI rfjnIqI kIqI jf rhI hY. mOjUdf dOr ivc akflI dl vloN pMjfbI sUby dI KudmuKiqafrI, pMjfbI boldy ielfikaF dy msly ƒ muV AuBfiraf jf irhf hY .
pMjfb df muK Drm isK Drm hY, pMjfb dy smucy msilaF leI byÈk sfry pMjfbIaF ƒ lVnf cfhIdf sI pr ies sB kfsy df ishrf cfhuMidaF nF cfhuMidaF isKF dy isr hI bJdf afieaf hY . isKF dy ies mohrI rol ƒ dyKidaF isK ieiqhfs aqy prMprfvF ƒ Zih-ZyrI krn aqy bRfhmxvfd nfl rlgz krn ivc kyNdrI bRfhmxvfdI srmfeydfrI ny koeI ksr bfkI nhIN CzI . iksy siBafcfr jF Drm dIaF prMprfvF qy ieiqhfs ƒ rlgz krnf hoieaf hY. isK ÈhIdF ƒ ihMdU, isK gurU sfihbfn ƒ rfÈtrvfdI jF dyÈ Bgq,gurbfxI ivc afey imQk hvfilaF rfhIN gurU sfihbfn ƒ ihMdU Aupfsk, isK Drm ƒ ihMdU Drm df aMg isD krnf afid aijhy vrqfry hn ijMnHF rfhIN isKF dy ieiqhfs aqy prMprfvF bfry BMblBUsf pYdf kIqf jf irhf hY ikAuNik iksy vI Drm jf iKqy dy lok jdoN bsqIvfdI inËfm aDIn afpxy afp ƒ dUjy drjy dy ÈihrI bixaF mihsUs krdy hn qF ieh lok bsqIvfdI siBafcfr dI dldl coN afpxy afp ƒ kZx df Auprflf krdy hn. afpxy ivrsy dI rfKI krdy hoey ieh lok afpxy ieiqhfs aqy prMprfvF ƒ smkflI hflfqF ivc muV vfcx qoN bfad sMGrÈF dI ÈurUafq krdy hoey ijq pRfpq krdy hn. aijhy ivdroh aqy bgfvq qoN rokx leI bsqIvfdIaF leI sB qoN ibhqr ZMg iksy Drm, siBafcfr jF iKqy dIaF prMprfvF qy ieiqhfs ƒ smyN dy nfl rulfAuxf huMdf hY . aMgryËF ny Bfrq ivc af ky isK Drm aqy ieiqhfs dI ivafiKaf afpxy anusfr krnI ÈurU kIqI aqy isKF dI juJfrU siprt ƒ afpxI POj leI vrqx ivc kfPI hd qk sPlqf pRfpq kIqI . ieh iksf hux BfrqI hfkmF duafrf duhrfieaf jf irhf hY .
aijhy sMGrÈF ƒ iKzfAux leI bsqIvfdIaF vloN rfjnIqk qOr qy dyÈ BgqI,rfÈtrvfd, lokqMqr, Drm inrpKqf ijhy idl luBfAuxy sMklpF ƒ AuBfiraf jFdf hY aqy iksy iKqy dy mUl vsnIkF ƒ afpxI hI jMmx BoieM qy Epry bxf idqf jFdf hY ijs df nqIjf mUl vfsIaF df iksy hor dyÈ vl ihËrq krnf huMdf hY . pMjfb dy nOjvfnF df bfhrly dyÈF vl jfx df vD irhf ruJfn ies dI pRqK imsfl hY. pr aijhy ruJfn ƒ rokx aqy afjfdI df sMGrÈ qorn vfly XoiDaF dy brfbr Ausy hI kOm ivcoN iek burjafjI srkfrI iDr pYdf kIqf jFdI hY jo afm lokF ƒ afpxy hox df BulyKf pfAuNdI hY, aMgryËF ny aijhI hI iek ipTU jmfq pYdf kIqI sI, jo afjfdI dy BKdy sMGrÈ ƒ rokx leI smyN-smyN qy vD aiDkfrF dI mMg, KudmuKiqafrI dI ieCf, iksfnF aqy ikrqIaF leI afriQk mdd vrgy msly AuBfrdy rihMdy hn, pMjfb kFgrs aqy ÈRomxI akflI dl bfdl vloN dirafeI pfxI dy aKOqI ibl, idlI iensfP rYlI, muPq skImF, ijnsF dy Bfa vDfAuxy, sMgq drÈn, ivkfs mfrc ies dIaF AuGVvIaF imsflF hn . ieh srkfrI burjafjI sRyxI bsqIvfdIaF nfl imlky sMGrÈÈIl iDrF ƒ BgOVy, bfgI aqy aqvfdI afid lkbF nfl grdfndI hY . ies srkfrI burjafjI sRyxI ƒ pRisD ivdvfn Prfj PYnn `misk mYn` dI AupfDI idMdf hY. ieh sRyxI sMGrÈÈIl iDrF vloN ivZy lokqMqirk qrIky dy sMGrÈ ƒ vI qfrpIzo krn ivc aihm BUimkf inBfAuNdf hY. ies dI qfjf imsfl Kflsf aYkÈn kmytI vwloN sOdf-sfD ivruD kZy jf rhy Kflsf mfrcF ƒ asPl krn dI koiÈÈ hY .
muwZly bsqIvfdI dOr ivc sMGrÈÈIl kOmI XoiDaF aqy afm lok mfnisk qOr qy hIxy krn leI srIirk qsIhy dyxy, AunHF dIaF aOrqF dI bypqI krnI, vzI pDr qy kOm df kqlyafm krnf afid ZMg qrIky vrqy jFdy hn . aMgryËF jilaf vfly bfg, jYqo dy morcy, cfbIaF dy morcy smyN hoey kqlyafm aqy 1947 qoN bfad pMjfbI sUbf morcf, vIhvIN sdI dy ipCly dhfikaF aqy mOjUdf isK sMGrÈ ƒ dbfAux leI idqy qsIhy, 1984 df isK kqlyafm aijhy vrqfiraF dI pRqK imsflF hn . iehnF qrIikaF dy nfl-nfl sMGrÈÈIl jF dbfeIaF kOmF dy icMnHF ƒ cutkilaF aqy gIqF rfhIN mjfk df kyNdr bxfieaf jFdf hY aqy kOmI icMnHF ƒ pCVy hoey, pdfrQk qrkI dy rfh ivc rukfvt isD krky aqy iesdy brfbr bsqIvfdIaF duafrf afpxy icMnHF df vzI pDr qy pRcfr krky shI isD krn dI koiÈÈ kIqI jFdI hY, ies qrIky nfl nOjvfnF dy mn ivc afpxy Drm aqy siBafcfr bfry hIx Bfvnf BrI jFdI hY, mOjUdf hflfqF ivc isK nOjvfnI dI dÈf ƒ iesy rUp ivc dyKxf cfhIdf hY .
bsqIvfdIaF duafrf gulfm kIqI kOm dy siBafcfr ƒ qIlf-qIlf krn leI ÈurUafqI dOr ivc sfihq dI vrqoN kIqI jFdI hY . aijhf krn leI pihlF AuQoN dy smuc Dfrimk, smfijk, BfÈfeI aqy rfjnIiqk jIvn ƒ smJx leI gMBIr aiDaYn dI ËrUrq sI jo iek aOKf kMm sI pr awj dUjy siBafcfrF ƒ smJx dI loV nhIN sgoN bsqIvfdIaF duafrf aslIl siBafcfr ielYktRfink mIzIey duafrf pros ky afpxy inÈfinaF dI pRfpqI kIqI jFdI hY. siBafcfrk ivgfV pYdf krn leI sB qoN pihlF gulfm lokF dI mF-bolI jo iksy vI siBafcfr dI nINh huMdI hY, ƒ GtIaf pCVI hoeI, ruqbfhIn aqy gvfrF dI bolI isD kIqf jFdf hY aqy aihsfs krfieaf jFdf hY ik qusIN GtIaf jIvn jIa rhy ho aqy quhfzIaF kdrF-kImqF vylf-ivhf cuwkIaF hn .
iekIvIN sdI qk phuMcidaF bsqIvfdIaF leI ieh kMm ibjleI mIzIey nfl hor vI asfn ho igaf hY . aKOqI siBafcfr dy nF qy tI[vI, ieMtrnYt duafrf aslIl qy gMdmMd pros ky gulfm kOm dy siBafcfr aqy kdrF kImqF Aupr hmlf krky qrkI dy nF qy nvF asiBafcfr Dfrn krvfieaf jFdf hY . ies smucI tut Bj ivc kOmF afpxy afp ƒ hIxf mihsUs krdIaF hn aqy mfnisk ivgfVF df iÈkfr ho jFdIaF hn. pMjfb ivc ipCly isK sMGrÈ qoN bfad siBafcfrk myilaF dy nF qy KuMMbF vfgUM Augy gfiekF ny ies kfrj ƒ srkfrI srpRsqI hyT `bfKUbI idl lf ky` isry cfiVHaf hY . pMjfb dy Gon-mon ichry, kMnF ivc pfeIaF nqIaF ies vrqfry dI pRqK gvfhI Brdy hn . isK kOm dIaF juJfrU iDrF vloN bsqIvfdI nËrIey qoN mOjUdf kfbj isK rfjnIqI dI GoK pVqfl krky sfhmxy ilafAuxf vI pRmuK kfrj hY .