nvF puils aYkt

ajoky Bfrq df srUp ieiqhfs ivc kdy vI aijhf nhIN sI, jdoN aMgryËF ny hOlI-hOlI ies Aup-mhFdIp dy sfry rfjF ƒ nrm jF grm nIqIaF rfhIN afpxy aDIn kr ilaf qF AuhnF ƒ ies Aup-mhFdIp ƒ iek ZMg nfl clfAuNx dI loV sI BfvyN ik awz-awz rfjF qy irafsqF dy afpxy-afpxy swiBafcfr sn aqy AuhnF dI afpxI-afpxI vwKrI hoNd sI. 1857 dy vK-vK irafsqF dy ivdroh qoN bfad aMgryË hkUmq ny soicaf ik iewQoN dy lokF ƒ dbfa ky iek nIqI qy iek kfƒn aDIn rwKxf bhuq jrUrI hY aqy nfl hI sQfnk pwDr ‘qy puils pRbMD puKqf qy mjbUq hoxf cfhIdf hY aqy ieh aijhf hovy ik afm ÈihrI dy mn ivc puils df zr qy dihÈq bYT jfvy qF jo puils lok syvk nf bx ky hkUmq dy zMzy dy qOr ‘qy kMm kry qF ies mMqv leI aMgryË srkfr vloN 22 mfrc 1861 ƒ iek aYkt hoNd ivc ilaFdf igaf ijsƒ puils aYkt, 1861 ikhf jFdf hY. ies aYkt dy aDIn bxI puils vloN afËfdI dI jMg dy sUrimaF ‘qy qÈwdd kIqy aqy afm lokF ƒ afpxf mUMh bMd rwKx leI mjbUr kIqf igaf. ieh aYkt ijwQy puils aPsrF dI inXukqI, ÈkqIaF, Bwqy, krqwv afid nIXq krdf hY AuQy afm ÈihrIaF Auqy vI keI qrHF dy inXm afied krdf hY, jo AuhnF ƒ srkfrI qMqr ivc AulJf ky rwKx leI kfPI sI qF jo Auh aMgryËI srkfr ivruwD afpxI afvfË bulMd nf kr skx. jdoN ieh aYkt bxfieaf igaf sI qF ies dI Dfrf 6 dy aDIn puils aPsrF ƒ mYijstryt dI ÈkqIaF vI idwqIaF geIaF sn pr 1882 ivc iehnF ƒ ies aYkt ivcoN Éqm kr idwqf igaf sI.
1947 qoN bfd vI iehI aYkt hoNd ivc irhf aqy puils dy suBfa qy qOr-qrIikaF ƒ vI bdlx dI loV nhIN smJI geI ikAuNik 15 agsq 1947 ƒ kyvl swqf pirvrqn hI hoieaf sI rfj pRbMD dI soc, isDFq qy nIqIaF AuhI sn.puils ƒ vI Ausy qrHF hI lok syvk bxfAuNx dI QF bhuigxqI duafrf rfj clfAuNx leI zMzy dy rUp ivc hI rwiKaf igaf aqy ies dyÈ dI bhu-igxqI dI soc dy muqfbk nf cwlx vfilaF ƒ Ausy qrHF puils vloN npIiVaf jFdf ijs qrHF aMgryË hkUmq dI soc qoN Ault cwlx vfilaF ƒ npIiVaf jFdf sI aqy iesy kfrn hI 1947 qoN bfad vI puils df zMzf kfiem irhf.jdoN puils rfj nfl vI ihMd srkfr df nf srx lwgf qF Aus ny Bfrq dy vwK-vwK ihwisaF ivc cwl rhIaF afËfdI lihrF ƒ dbfAuNx leI nfsf 1980, tfzf 1987 qy potf 2002 vrgy aYkt bxfAuNxy ÈurU kr idwqy ijhnF qihq awzrI isafsI soc rwKx vfilaF ƒ keI-keI mhIny ibnF koeI adflqI kfrvfeI kIiqaF jylHF ivc rwiKaf jfx lwgf aqy ieh Ausy qrHF hI sI ijvy aMgryË hkUmq ny 1917-18 ivc rolt aYkt vrgy kfly kfƒn hoNd ivc ilaFdy sn.
nvyN puils aYkt dI gwl koeI nvIN nhIN ÈurU hoeI, smyN-smyN qy lok drdIaF ny ieh duhfeI pfeI ik puils aYkt 1861 aMgryË hkUmq dI loV pUrI krn vfsqy sI pr AuhnF dI qUqI ZolF dI afvfË hyT dwb ky rih geI pr iPr vI lok lfË leI 1977 ivc nYÈnl puils kimÈn bxfieaf igaf ijsny 1979-81 dy smyN dOrfn 8 ivsQfirq irportF srkfr ƒ pyÈ kIqIaF ijs ivc smuwcy puils pRbMD ƒ bdl dyx dIaF qËvIËF sn pr iehnF irportF ƒ srkfr ny hvf qwk nhIN lwgx idwqI. 1996 ivc bI[aYs[aYP dy sfbkf zI[jI[pI[ prkfÈ isMG ny puils pRbMD ƒ isafsI lokF dy glby ‘co kwZx aqy lok ihwqU bxfAuNx leI suprIm kort ivc iek lok ihwq ptIÈn pfeI ijsdy cwlidaF srkfr ny vwK-vwK simaF ‘qy irbYro kmytI 1998, pdmfnfBfeIaf kmytI 2000 aqy mlImQ kmytI 2002 bxfeIaF. iehnF kmytIaF ny vI nvIaF loVF dy qihq puils pRbMD ivc qbdIlIaF ‘qy jor idwqf.srkfr ny 20 sqMbr 2005 ƒ sfbkf atfrnI jnrl solI sorfbËI dI agvfeI hyT 11 mYNbrI puils aYkt KrVf kmytI bxfeI ijsny 31 akqUbr 2006 ƒ afpxI irport gRih mMqrI iÈvrfj pfitl ƒ sONp idwqI ijs ivc muwK rUp ivc nvF mfzl puils aYkt pyÈ kIqf igaf hY ijs ƒ aDfr bxf ky hI sUbfeI srkfrF ny afpxy-afpxy pRFq ivc puils aYkt pfs krny hn.
suprIm kort ny sfry pRFqF ƒ 11 mfrc 2008 qwk nvyN mfzl puils aYkt 2006 ƒ afDfr bxf ky aqy suprIm kort duafrf ies sbMD ivc kIqy gey idÈf-inrdyÈF dI roÈnI ivc aYkt bxf ky afpxf jvfb pyÈ krn leI ikhf hY. iesy kfrn hI pMjfb srkfr ny CyqI-CyqI nvF puils aYkt pfs kr ky afpxy gl ivc PsI suprIm kort dy hukmF dI hwzI kwZI hY.
suprIm kort ny nvF puils aYkt bxfAuNx leI 7 idÈf-inrdyÈ idwqy ijhnF ivc puils ƒ kMm-kfr krn ivc KudmuKiqafrI dyx leI rfj srkfrF vloN styt sikErtI kimÈn bxfAuNxf qF jo srkfr vloN puils qy ax-loNVIdf pRBfv qy dbfa nf pfieaf jf sky, zI[jI[pI, ijlHf puils muKIaF qy QfxydfrF dI inXukqI mYirt afDfr qy pfrdrÈI qrIky nfl Gwto-Gwt 2 sfl dy kfrjkfl leI kIqI jfvy, puils aiDkfrIaF dIaF bdlIaF, inXukqIaF, qrwkIaF dy PYsly leI puils astYbilwÈmYNt borz df gTn krnf, kyNdrI pwDr qy kyNdrI puils sMgTnF dy muKIaF dI inXukqI leI rfÈtrI surwiKaf kimÈn df gTn krnf, puils ƒ jvfbdyh krn leI pRFq qy ijlHf pwDr ‘qy suqMqr puils iÈkfieq aQfrtIaF kfiem krnIaF jo puils aiDkfrIaF dy dur-ivvhfr ijvy ik ihrfsqI mOqF, gMBIr swtF qy ihrfsq ivc blfkqfr afid iKlfÌ lokF dIaF iÈkfieqF ƒ vfcy, ÈFqI qy kfƒn ivvsQf bxfeI rwKx aqy kysF dI jFc krn vflI puils ƒ rlgwz nf krky awz-awz kIqf jfvy afid Èfml hn.
pMjfb srkfr vloN jo pMjfb puils aYkt 2007 pfs kIqf igaf hY Auh BfvyN ajy lfgU hox leI srkfrI notIiPkyÈn dI AuzIk kr irhf hY pr ijs idn ieh aYkt lfgU hovygf Auh idn pMjfb dy ieiqhfs ivc kfly idn vjoN Xfd kIqf jfvygf.AuNJ BfvyN nvF puils aYkt bxfAuNdy smyN suprIm kort dy idÈf inrdyÈF ƒ sfhmxy rwiKaf igaf hY aqy smyN muqfbk bdlfa krn vflIaF DfrfvF ivc vI bdlfa kIqf igaf hY pr ies nfl puils dy mUl suBfa jF kMm krn dy ZMg qrIikaF ivc rwqI Br vI Prk nhIN pYx vflf ikAuNik ies ivc puils ƒ afpxy qOr ‘qy hor aQfh ÈkqIaF dy idwqIaF geIaF hn. pMjfb ivc iek gwl hux aKOq bx cuwkI hY ik puils nfl nf dosqI cMgI qy nf hI duÈmxI aqy ies aYkt dy lfgU hox qoN bfd ieh aKOq hor vI idRV ho jfvygI.
ies nvyN aYkt ivc muwK rUp ivc do gwlF bhuq hI Gfqk hn jo ik isafsI-bdlfKorI AuqÈfhq krn leI aqy ies cwl rhy bhuigxqI ihwqU qy iBRÈt BfrqI ZFcy dy Ault gwl krn vfilaF ƒ AulJfAuNx leI kfPI hY. AuhnF ivc pihlI hY Dfrf 8 aDIn imAuNspl ielfky aqy Aus nfl juVvyN ielfikaF leI zI[afeI[jI rYNk dy aiDkfrI dI puils kimÈnr dy qOr ‘qy inXukqI, ijs kol POËdfrI jfbqf aDIn Auh ÈkqIaF hoxgIaF jo ik kfrjkfrI mYijstRyt (aYs[zI[aYm) qy ijlHf mYijstRyt (zI[sI) kol huMdIaF hn. ies Dfrf rfhIN puils pRbMD aqy inaFiek pRbMD ivc koeI Prk nhIN rhygf aqy puils kol hI inaF jF ainaF krn dI ÈkqI af jfvygI jo ik lokqMqRI kdrF-kImqF df pUrI qrHF Gfx krn leI mddgfr sfbq hox qoN vwD kuJ vI nhIN hovygI aqy pMjfb vrgy sUby ivc puils qoN inaF dI afs rwKxf Ausy qrHF hY ijvy koeI iksfn bIjy qF ikwkr pr afs kry ik Ausƒ dfKF Kfx ƒ imlxgIaF.iewQy qF puils iBRÈtfcfr dIaF sfrIaF hwdF twp cuwkI hY aqy roË hI pMjfb Br ivc hËfrF hI kys pYsy lY ky drË kIqy jFdy jF KfrË kIqy jFdy hn.ieh ÈkqIaF imlx nfl rwb hI jfxy inwq ikMny by-ksUrF ‘qy qÈwdd Zfh ky, AuhnF qoN ËurmF df iekbfl krvf ky hËfrF hI kysF dy ‘inptfry kIqy jfieaf krngy aqy ies isstm dy iKlfP afvfË bulMd krn vfly pqf nhIN ikMny pRo[ divMdrpfl isMG Buwlr hor PFsI dy rwisaF vwl Byjy jfxgy ikAuNik puils kimÈnr kol hoxgIaF mYijstRyt vflIaF ÈkqIaF qy kfƒn muqfbk mYijstRyt sfhmxy kIqy iekbfl-ey-Ëurm dy afDfr ‘qy sËf idwqI jf skdI hY aqy Èfied hI koeI pMjfbI qy Kfs qOr ‘qy iswK hovy ijsƒ ies gwl df aihsfs nf hovy ik puils vfly iekbfl-ey-Ëurm ikvy krvfAuNdy hn. ijvyN ik Aupr iËkr afieaf hY ik pihlF aMgryË srkfr ny 1861 ivc vI puils ƒ mYijstRyt pwDr dIaF ÈkqIaF idwqIaF sn pr bfd ivc 1882 ivc soD krky iehnF ÈkqIaF ƒ Kqm kr idwqf igaf sI pr pMjfb srkfr ny 1882 ivc hoeI soD ƒ Kqm krky dubfrf 1861 vflf aYkt lfgU krky ‘nvIN boql ivc purfxI Èrfb vflI aKOq ƒ swc kr idKfieaf hY.qF iPr kOx kihMdf hY ik pMjfb srkfr ny nvF aYkt bxfieaf hY sgoN Auh qF aMgryËF duafrf kIqIaF soDF ƒ vI rwd krn dy rfh pY geI hY. hryk ivakqI ƒ socxf cfhIdf hY ik aYkt dy nF nfl 2007 lgf dyx nfl aYkt ny nvF nhIN bx jfxf sgoN AusdI Bfvnf ƒ, AusdI afqmf ƒ bdlxf pvygf. ijs dyÈ ivc kfƒn hI iek gwl ƒ muwK rwK ky bxfey jFdy hn ik bhuigxqI ƒ iks qrHF KuÈ rwiKaf jfvy qF AuWQy BfvyN ikMny vI bfhrI suDfr krky aYkt bxfey jfx, Aus dyÈ ƒ KMizq hox qoN koeI nhIN bcf skdf, pMjfbI dI iek pRiswD aKOq hY ik ‘bwkry dI mF kd qwk KYr mnfeygI.
dUjI hY Dfrf 34 aDIn ‘spYÈl sikErtI Ëon bxfAuNxf, ijs aDIn aMdrUnI surwiKaf aqy ÈFqI bxfey rwKx dy nF ‘qy puils ƒ aQfh ÈkqIaF dyx dI gwl kIqI geI hY.ieh ÈkqIaF Ausy qrHF dIaF ho skdIaF hn ijvy ieMdrf gFDI ny 1977 ivc aYmrjYNsI lgf ky afpxy sfry isafsI ivroDIaF ƒ jylHF ivc zwk idwqf sI jF kih lvo ik ijvy pMjfb ivc lMbf smF rFstrpqI rfj lfgU irhf ijs dOrfn pMjfb dy hËfrF nOËvfnF ƒ puils ny koh-koh ky mfr idwqf qy AuhnF leI avfË bulMd krn vfly sR[ jsvMq isMG KflVf ƒ vI lfvfrs lfÈ bxf ky Kpf idwqf.pMjfb srkfr iksy Kfs iKwqy jF ijlHy ƒ spYÈl sikErtI Ëon GoiÈq kr ky Aus leI vwKrIaF puils nIqIaF qy puils bl df ieMqËfm krky Aus ielfky ƒ puils CfAuNxI ivc qbdIl kr dyvygI aqy isafsI ivroDIaF qy AuhnF dIaF jQybMdIaF dIaF gqIivDIaF qy pRogrfmF ƒ aMdrUnI surwiKaf aqy ÈFqI dy nfm Qwly dbfa idwqf jfvygf.
1947 qoN bfd hux qwk df pUrf isafsI mulFkx krn qoN bfd pqf lwgdf hY ik awj qwk do qrHF df kfƒn ies dyÈ ivc lfgU irhf hY iek bhuigxqI leI qy Kfs qOr ‘qy bRfhmxvfdI soc leI aqy dUjf GwtigxqI, dilqF qy grIbF leI. ies dyÈ ivc sËf grIbF leI aqy irhfeI amIrF leI hY.nvF puils aYkt bxfieaf qF igaf hY ieh gwl kih ky hY ik puils ƒ lokF dy nyVy aqy lok ihwqU bxfieaf jfvygf pr ies nfl jdoN puils ƒ hor asImq ÈkqIaF dy idwqIaF jfxgIaF qF AuhnF df muwl hor vwD jfvygf qy afm iensfn df KUn qF incoiVaf hI jfvygf nfl-nfl lokF leI sMGrÈ krn vfilaF ƒ vI hor ÈkqIÈflI qrIikaF nfl dbfa idwqf jfvygf.
jy dyiKaf jfvy qF ajoky Xuwg ivc mIzIaf ies gwl ƒ vwzI pwDr ‘qy AuTf ky lok lihr bxf skdf hY pr aPsos ky ÈkqIÈflI mIzIaf vI bhuigxqI dI kTpuqlI hY aqy jdoN-jdoN vI koeI sMGrÈÈIl iDr srbwq dy Bly leI qy ies axKhIx, iBRÈt qy anYiqk isstm ƒ qoVn dI gwl krdI hY qF Aus ƒ awqvfdI, vwKvfdI kih ky aqy dyÈ dI eykqf qy afKMzqf ƒ Kqry df rOlf pf ky dbf idwqf jFdf hY.
ieh pMjfb puils aYkt 2007 tfzf, potf ƒ nvyN qrIky nfl lfgU krn df iek qrIkf hY ikAuNik ajoky Xuwg ivc kfly kfƒn aMqrrfÈtrI dbfvF krky iswDy rUp ivc bxfAuNxy sOKy nhIN hn qF iPr BfrqI hkUmq dy vwK-vwK ihwisaF ny iesdf hwl ieh kwiZaf hY ik iehnF ƒ pRFiqk pwDr ‘qy pfs krvf ky lfgU kIqf jfvy qF jo aMqrrfÈtrI pwDr ‘qy dyÈ df aks vI nf ivgVn kfrn sfrIaF aMqrrfÈtrI shUlqF qy PMz imldy rihx aqy pRFqk srkfrF ikAuNik afriQk mMdhflI df iÈkfr hn qF Auh kyNdrI srkfr qoN PMz afid lYx leI AuhnF dI hr cMgI-mfVI gwl mMnx leI iqafr rihMdIaF hn aqy aijhf hI pMjfb srkfr dy sbMD ivc hoieaf hY.
nvyN puils aYkt dy iKlfP hr lok drdI aqy Kfs qOr ‘qy hr Auh iswK jo afpxy afp ƒ gurUu nfnk pfqÈfh dy gfzI rfh df pFDI khfAuNdf hY, ƒ jrUr Kloxf cfhIdf hY, bolxf cfhIdf hY jF afpxI smwrQf muqfbk ies dy iKlfP sMGrÈ krn vfilaF df sfQ jrUr dyxf cfhIdf hY pr jy awj asIN nf boly qF sfzf kwl iblkul surwiKaq nhIN.